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One obstacle is that, unless IPR charges in advanced devices are lower than in 3G, device costs will be prohibitive for most users, curbing uptake of open internet services. If this proves true, operators may see customers reluctant to venture off the closed network, as AT&T has already predicted - with the advantage of keeping control of the subscriber and keeping their bandwidth usage at a manageable level for the network; but with the downside of being stuck with the subsidy indefinitely. Already, the cheerleader for open access and the ditching of the subsidy, Sprint Nextel, is widely expected to pay towards the adoption of its upcoming Nokia 810 internet tablet for WiMAX. Even the notion that a sufficiently desirable handset will lure users to pay full price is fading, as AT&T prepares to subsidize the Apple iPhone as its European carriers already have (it is reported to be planning to offer the $399 and $499 3G iPhones at $200 discount).

But the critical issue as the industry moves towards next generation mobile broadband systems is the level of IPR charging. Intel and Samsung have sought to spearhead an open, transparent and low royalty structure for WiMAX patents, in order to deliver the WiMAX Forum's promise that its technology would be better than 3G in this respect - but so far actual charges remain vague. Last month, a group of vendors - the big European cellular vendors plus NEC and NextWave - formed an alliance that mutually agreed to limit the royalty fees they would charge one another for LTE technologies in handsets, and invited the rest of the industry to join. However, at least four probable major patent holders in LTE - Qualcomm, Nortel, Motorola and InterDigital - have remained outside. Now, Nortel has confirmed fears of a long drawn-out debate over licensing practises and fees, announcing a unilateral system of its own.

The LTE grouping, whose major members are Nokia Siemens, Nokia, Ericsson, Sony Ericsson and Alcatel-Lucent, wants the maximum aggregate royalty bill in an LTE handset to be a single digit percentage of the sale price (Nokia and Ericsson have pushed, so far unsuccessfully, partly due to their own charges and partly to Qualcomm's opposition, for a 5% ceiling in 3G.) Nortel says it will have its own licensing system, rather than joining a group, but this will be consistent and open to all and will be based on "about" a 1% royalty rate to handset vendors. It claimed its early statement of intent would "provide increased transparency and predictability" and "help simplify the current guesswork, while ensuring that its innovation is rewarded." Clear statements certainly help reduce the risk associated with early deployment of new technologies - and would be welcome from some WiMAX patent holders - but the nature and timing of Nortel's announcement also shows it holding itself aloof from an even more productive approach of joining an industry consensus. This may be for political motives, but also suggests Nortel believes - as it has often stated - that it has significant IPR in LTE that might go under-rewarded in a communal system where it would have to fight for its share against other giants. Although its suggested rates are lower than Qualcomm's are in existing technologies (the CDMA giant, short of refusing to join the new group, has not shown its hand on its licensing position in LTE) Nortel is essentially pursuing the same route as its chip partner, preferring to set its own rates and maintain control rather than join any pool.

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